You don't set a price point, but renting a Phantom video camera can give you up to millions of frames per second for a high price.
The fasted mirrorless body I know of is the Canon R3 with up to 195 fps, which is 24mp but no AF or exposure metering.
I believe the fastedstD SLR is the Canon 1DX mk III which has 16 fps using the optical viewfinder and 20 fps with liveview which includes AF and exposure metering.
As far as a non-digital SLR, the fasted I can think of off handed was nine frames person with a dedicated driver to spin the film canister quick enough to expose each frame of film.
